It took computer scientist Carsten Schuermann just minutes last year to hackinto one of the 30 pieces of voting equipment sitting in a cramped room in Caesar's Palace that housed DEF CON's maiden Voting Machine Village. He fired up his laptop, quickly spotted a WinVote voting machine on the Wi-Fi network using Wireshark, and then typed in a command that launched a Metasploit exploit.
"And, poof, that was it," Schuermann says. He was able to access the Windows XP-based voting machine using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), exposing real election and voting data that was still stored in it. The voting machine's inherent weaknesses made it an easy mark: It ran XP (Service Pack 0), Wi-Fi and RDP were enabled by default, it employed the outdated WEP security protocol, and the majority of WinVote machines he had studied all used the same password: "abcde."
"The only changes I did was turn off the machines remotely, and we added new files to the directories," he says. His exploit used an old buffer overrun flaw in XP, which apparently had not been patched on the voting machine.
Schuermann had been studying security weaknesses in the WinVote machine back at his home office at the IT University of Copenhagen in Denmark. He now has eight decommissioned WinVote machines that were used in previous elections – four from Virginia – that he's been dissecting and looking for clues of compromise and hacking attempts. He'll be back in Vegas in August at Black Hat USA, demonstrating just how he hacked the machine at DEF CON, as well as sharing some research findings from the WinVote machines he's been studying.
[See Schuermann's Black Hat USA talk on August 9, Lessons from Virginia - A Comparative Forensic Analysis of WinVote Voting Machines]
"I'm going to bring a machine and show how easy it is to hack ... exploiting the same vulnerability" used in last year's DEF CON contest, he says. Schuermann, an academic expert in election security who has been studying election security for a decade, used a root shell script to control the machine, and says he can change data on the voting machines. The notoriously insecure WinVote machines – which don't include a paper-trail feature – were replaced in Virginia prior to the 2016 election, but some localities, including some in Pennsylvania, still use them.
"Since these machines all have the same access point they connect to, once you know how to get into that wireless network ... and use the 'abcde' password, then you have networking access to the machine and can deploy the exploit. Then you're in," he says. "The scary thing is you could make this automatic: You could drive by polling stations and make changes on all of the totals in the voting machines."
Schuermann has been conducting forensic investigations on the disks in the WinVote machines using the so-called Autopsy tool. "I was trying to understand if everything was OK with the machine or was it hacked," he says.
But because the machine's XP platform doesn't provide system logging, there's no way to track whether someone connected remotely to the machine. "There's no trail of who accessed it," Schuermann says. So the only way to spot a potential hack is the data on the disks.
So far, Schuermann has found traces of MP3 files on the disks of one of the WinVote machines, including a Chinese music file, he says. It appears the machine was used to record songs from CDs and play MP3s.
"But there's no evidence real hacking happened" on the machines so far, he says, and no signs of election-meddling in vote counts.
Even so, Schuermann says hacking one of the machines would have been fairly simple. "If anyone really knows what they are doing, they could hack those machines in a minute. And once you've hacked one, you know [how] to hack [others]," he says.
The biggest risk overall, he says, is citizens losing trust in an election and the voting systems if hackers are able to break into them and alter or change results. "Now, with the Russia investigation and election interference, people are becoming more aware that this is not only possible but also likely someday. That's the scary part," he says.
His message for the US midterm elections: "How important [a] paper [trail] is," he says.
Home Page Photo Credit: Monica M. Davey / Epa/Shutterstock
Related Content:
- DEF CON Rocks the Vote with Live Machine Hacking
- Voting System Hacks Prompt Push for Paper-Based Voting
- White House Cybersecurity Strategy at a Crossroads
- Congressional Report Cites States Most Vulnerable to Election Hacking
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